Load Assessment & Shed Strategies
Quantitative Analyses for Forecasting and Evaluation of Hourly Electric Load Variations in Commercial Buildings
The goal of this project is to develop methods to evaluate load shapes in commercial buildings. The study discusses and compares current methods of summarizing and analyzing electric load shapes. Simple rules of thumb for graphical display of load shapes are suggested. We propose a set of parameters that can be used to describe quantitatively the load shape in many buildings. Using the example of a linear regression model to predict load shape from time and temperature, we show how quantities such as the load’s sensitivity to outdoor temperature, and the effectiveness of demand response (DR), can be quantified. Examples are presented using real building data.
Commercial Building Control Strategies and Techniques for Demand Response
Many electric utilities have been exploring the use of critical peak pricing (CPP) and other demand response programs to help reduce summer peaks in customer electric loads. This report responds to an identified need among building operators for knowledge to use DR strategies in their buildings and provides an introduction to commercial building control strategies and techniques for demand response. These strategies can be implemented using either manual or automated methods. The report compiles information from field demonstrations of DR programs in commercial buildings. The guide provides a framework for categorizing the control strategies that have been tested in actual buildings. The guide’s emphasis is on characterizing and describing DR control strategies for air conditioning and ventilation systems. There is also good coverage of lighting control strategies. The guide provides some additional introduction to DR strategies for other miscellaneous building end use systems and non-component based DR strategies. The core information in this report is based on DR field tests in 28 non-residential buildings, most of which were in California, and the rest of which were in New York State. The majority of the participating buildings were office buildings. Most of the California buildings participated in fully automated demand response field tests.
